Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Essay -- Diseases/Disorders

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder that displays as distracted, hyperactive, and unable to focus on tasks and activities. Also known as Hyperkinetic Impulse Disorder, Hyperkinesis, Hyperactive Syndrome, Minimal Brain Damage, Minimal Brain Dysfunction, and Undifferentiated Deficit Disorder, ADHD is the most commonly diagnosed neurological disorder in children. Although many children with ADHD are quite intelligent, their lack of focus can frequently lead to poor grades and a low self esteem. The exact cause of ADHD is still unknown, but it is considered highly inheritable. Results from numerous international studies on twins have found that ADHD may have a genetic link. The occurrence of ADHD in one twin is more often mirrored an identical twin who has the same genetic makeup, then in a fraternal twin whose genetics are similar but not identical. It is also believed that if a parent, uncle, or grandparent had ADHD, it is more likely their famil y may develop it as well. No gene has been discovered that directly relates to the disorder. MRI studies comparing the brains of children with and without the condition have shown that children with ADHD have weaker brain activity in the frontal area of the brain when responding to tasks that require inhibition. Because of this, it is thought that ADHD affects certain sections of the frontal cortex, parietal lobe, and possibly parts of the cerebellum. ADHD presents itself in three major categories; predominately hyperactive, predominately inattentive, or a combined hyperactivity and inattention. Predominately hyperactive presents as excessive physical activity and impulsive behaviors. This can include constant fidgeting, an inability to stay in ... ...nd drugs, and exercising can all lessen symptoms. The prognosis for ADHD is promising. Approximately 70-80% of patients treated with stimulant therapy experience significant relief from symptoms. About half of all children outgrow the symptoms as they mature into adulthood, the other half retain symptoms throughout their adult life. Works Cited Hoyle, Brian. â€Å"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.† Gale Encyclopedia of Neurological Disorders. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 17 May. 2012 http://www.encyclopedia.com Zieman, Gayle and Dewan, Naakeesh A. â€Å"Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Adults.† RelayClinical Education. Feb. 2012 v2012 i1 pNA â€Å"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).† Tish Davidson, AM., Teresa G. Odle., and Laura Jean Cataldo, RN, Ed.D. The Gale Encyclopedia of Genetic Disorders. 3rd Edition. 2010.

Case Study Counselling in the Work Placement

EA L RN E the learning centre R VIC Diploma in Counselling: Case Study Sixth term: Case Study. Length: 3,500 words (in total) General Points The subject of the case study must be a client whom you have been counselling for at least 6 sessions, preferably more. The case study is about how you and your client have worked together within your core theoretical model of counselling. This involves reflecting on your process in relationship to your client, your client’s process in relationship to themselves and the ongoing process between the two of you.Structure of the Case Study To set the scene for our case study, you need to describe the theory that informs your practice, ie. why you do what you do. We suggest you make reference to the following (this section should be no longer than 1,000 words): †¢ Your personal value system (this may include religious beliefs, your moral code, your philosophy of life) †¢ Theoretical sources (e. g. Rogers, the existentialists †¦) †¢ Ethical code of practice (personal code of practice, e. g. oundaries such as relationships with clients) †¢ Integration of the personal with the professional aspects of self as outlined above (how did you arrive at your current value system and the sources for these? ) It is important that your written case study reflects the particular quality of the relationship you have created with your client. What we would like to see and what we would like demonstrated is the way in which you have achieved this. E E S Writing Skills/Specialist coursework/15. 2 Diploma in Counselling: Case StudyR S PTO/†¦. 1 EA L RN E R the learning centre R VIC 1. Personal History Include age, sex, family history, current relationship, family situation and occupational situation. 2. Counselling arrangements Briefly describe the setting in which the counselling is provided: the frequency and length of counselling sessions, how long you’ve been counselling the client, and the number of sessions which have taken place to date. What was your initial contract with the client, and has this been reviewed? 3. Presenting issuesBriefly outline why the client has requested counselling now. As far as possible, try and use the client’s language. Please include your initial subjective responses to the client, noting your response to differences between you and your client. 4. Your assessment of this client Describe your assessment of the client and the nature of your work together making reference to relevant theory. a. b. c. d. e. On what criteria did you base your initial assessment? What is you client’s concept of self? To what extent do you agree with this?What sense did you make of this person? What was your response to both the client and their presenting issues? How did you decide that you were able to work with this client? What did you agree would be the focus of your work? f. 5. The presenting past Describe the relationship between responses to curren t issues with key events from the client’s past, e. g. loss. PTO/†¦ 2 E E S Writing Skills/Specialist coursework/15. 2 Diploma in Counselling: Case Study S EA L RN E R the learning centre R VIC 6. Counselling processDescribe the counselling process with reference to the beginning, middle and end stages. How do you consider your cl;ient changed? What contribution did counselling make to this? Evaluate your ability to demonstrate the core conditions at the different stages of the process. 7. Supervision Throughout your case study, we would like to see how you have used both your individual and group supervision in working with this client. We would also like to have some sense of how your internal supervisor is evolving during your work. . Practitioner issues In relation to your work with this client, evaluate your ability to hold professional boundaries and work within an ethical framework. You may find it helpful to mention any particular critical experiences to illustra te your practice. You might find it useful to look at Rogers ‘stages of process’ found in ‘On Becoming a Person’ (1961). See also, Mearns and Thorne (1988) Person Centred Counselling in Action, Sage E E Writing Skills/Specialist coursework/15. 2 Diploma in Counselling: Case Study S S 3

Profile of Spanish Dictator Francisco Franco

Francisco Franco, the Spanish dictator and general, was perhaps Europes most successful fascist leader because he actually managed to survive in power until his natural death. (Obviously, we use successfully without any value judgment, were not saying he was a good idea, just that he curiously managed not to get beaten on a continent which saw a vast war against people like him.) He came to rule Spain by leading the right-wing forces in the civil war, which he won with Hitler and Mussolinis help and came to cling on by surviving against many odds, despite the brutality and murder of his government.   Early Career of Francisco Franco Franco was born into a naval family on Dec. 4  1892. He wanted to be a sailor, but a reduction in admissions to the Spanish Naval Academy forced him to turn to the army, and he entered the Infantry Academy in 1907 aged 14. Upon completing this in 1910, he volunteered to go abroad and fight in Spanish Morocco and did so in 1912, soon winning a reputation for his ability, dedication, and care for his soldiers, but also one for brutality. By 1915 he was the youngest captain in the entire Spanish army. After recovering from a serious stomach wound he became second-in-command and then commander of the Spanish Foreign legion. By 1926 he was brigadier general and a national hero. Franco had not taken part in the coup of Primo de Rivera in 1923, but still became director of a new General Military Academy in 1928. However, this was dissolved following a revolution which expelled the monarchy and created the Spanish Second Republic. Franco, a monarchist, stayed largely quiet and loyal and was restored to command in 1932 - and promoted in 1933 - as a reward for not staging a right-wing coup. After being promoted to Major General in 1934 by a new rightist government, he savagely crushed a rebellion of miners. Many died, but he had raised his national reputation still further among the right, although the left hated him. In 1935 he became Chief of the Central General Staff of the Spanish Army and began to reforms. The Spanish Civil War As divisions between the left and the right in Spain grew, and as the country’s unity unraveled after a left-wing alliance won power in elections, Franco appealed for a state of emergency to be declared. He feared a communist takeover. Instead, Franco was sacked from the General Staff and sent to the Canary Islands, where the government hoped he was too far away to start a coup. They were wrong. He eventually decided to join the planned right-wing rebellion, delayed by his sometimes mocked caution, and on July 18,  1936, he telegraphed the news of a military rebellion from the Islands; this was followed by a rising on the mainland. He moved to Morocco, took control of the garrison army, and then landed it in Spain. After a march towards Madrid, Franco was chosen by the nationalist forces to be their head of state, due in part to his reputation, distance from political groups, the original figurehead had died, and partly because of his new hunger to lead. Franco’s nationalists, aided by German and Italian forces, fought a slow, careful war which was brutal and vicious. Franco wanted to do more than win, he wanted to ‘cleanse’ Spain of communism. Consequently, he led the right to complete victory in 1939, whereupon there was no reconciliation: he drafted laws making any support for the republic a crime. During this period his government emerged, a military dictatorship supported, but still separate and above, a political party which merged Fascists and Carlists. The skill he exhibited in forming and holding together this political union of right-wing groups, each with their own competing visions for post-war Spain, has been called ‘brilliant’. World War and Cold War The first real ‘peacetime’ test for Franco was the start of World War 2, in which Franco’s Spain initially lent towards the German-Italian Axis. However, Franco kept Spain out of the war, although this was less to do foresight, and more the result of Franco’s innate caution, Hitler’s rejection of Franco’s high demands, and a recognition that the Spanish military was in no position to fight. The allies, including the US and Britain, gave Spain just enough aid to keep them neutral. Consequently, his regime survived the collapse and total defeat of his old civil-wartime supporters. Initial post-war hostility from the western European powers, and the US – they viewed him as the last fascist dictator – was overcome and Spain was rehabilitated as an anti-communist ally in the Cold War. Dictatorship During the war, and during the early years of his dictatorship, Franco’s government executed tens of thousands of â€Å"rebels†, imprisoned a quarter of a million, and crushed local traditions, leaving little opposition. Yet his repression loosened slightly over time as his government continued into the 1960s and the country transformed culturally into a modern nation. Spain also grew economically, in contrast to the authoritarian governments of Eastern Europe, although all this progress was more due to a new generation of young thinkers and politicians than to Franco himself, who became increasingly distant from the real world. Franco also became increasingly viewed as above the actions and decisions of subordinates who took the blame went things went wrong and earned an international reputation for developing and surviving. Plans and Death In 1947 Franco had passed a referendum which effectively made Spain a monarchy headed by him for life, and in 1969 he announced his official successor: Prince Juan Carlos, eldest son of the leading claimant to the Spanish throne. Shortly before this, he had allowed limited elections to parliament, and in 1973 he resigned from some power, remaining as head of the state, military, and party. Having suffered from Parkinson’s for many years – he kept the condition secret - he died in 1975 following a protracted illness. Three years later Juan Carlos had peacefully reintroduced democracy; Spain had become a modern constitutional monarchy. Personality Franco was a serious character, even as a child, when his short stature and high pitched voice caused him to be bullied. He could be sentimental over trivial issues, but exhibited an icy coldness over anything serious, and appeared capable of removing himself from the reality of death. He despised communism and Freemasonry, which he feared would take over Spain and disliked both east and west Europe in the post-World War II world.